Free download or read online Trash pdf (ePUB) book. The first edition of this novel was published in 2010, and was written by Andy Mulligan. The book was published in multiple languages including English language, consists of 240 pages and is available in Hardcover format.
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In her groundbreaking history of the class system in America, extending from colonial times to the present, Nancy Isenberg takes on our comforting myths about equality, uncovering the crucial legacy of the ever-present, always embarrassingââif occasionally entertainingââ'poor white trash.'
The wretched and landless poor have existed from the time of the earliest British col..more
Published June 21st 2016 by Viking
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Popular Answered Questions
Scott PakudaitisBecause this book is about the class structure in America. It was not meant to be an all-inclusive survey of class throughout the world.
Sarah SmithersIt was fascinating to me..I am so glad I read this, and especially now, as it explains to me what the heck is happening in the country. Books for Post-Election UnderstandingApparently ,â¦moreIt was fascinating to me..I am so glad I read this, and especially now, as it explains to me what the heck is happening in the country. Apparently , it's nothing new. She laid out the history of the founding of this country and what was happening and how the governing guys tried to do something about the poor and the vagabonds and the squatters..and it was very easy to follow. And then delved into politicians trying to court the trash vote while legislating against them. I'm recommending this to all my friends. (less)
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Oct 14, 2016Jeffrey Keeten rated it really liked it
âThe white poor have been with us in various guises, as the names they have been given across centuries attest: Waste people. Offscourings. Lubbers. Bogtrotters. Rascals. Rubbish. Squatters. Crackers. Clay-eaters. Tackies. Mudsills. Scalawags. Briar hoppers. Hillbillies. Low-downers. White niggers. Degenerates. White trash. Rednecks. Trailer trash. Swamp people.â Sep 15, 2016Navidad Thélamour rated it really liked it
My mom was always rather class conscious. Iâd make a new friend at school, and the first thing my mother would do was go through my new..more
Shelves: full-review, cultural-surveys, non-fiction, given-to-me-by-publisher, read-2016
âIf this book accomplishes anything it will be to have exposed a number of myths about the American dream, to have disabused readers of the notion that upward mobility is a function of the foundersâ ingenious planâ¦â Mar 09, 2017Will Byrnes rated it it was amazing
Nancy Isenbergâs White Trash: The 400-Year Untold History of Class in America is a tour de force of research and hard-hitting assessments of our countryâs attitude toward the âpoorâ and âshiftlessâ masses. It delves into the historical inaccuracies and missteps of a nation, our nati..more
Shelves: american-history, books-of-the-year-2016, nonfiction, brain-candy, economics
âAll history is the history of class struggle.â Sound familiar? It should. Well, the actual quote from, Karl Marx and Frederick Engelsâ Communist Manifesto, is âThe history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles.â Doesnât have quite the same ring, but it gets the job done, however transmogrified it might have been in popular recollection and various translations. And it may or not be the case. Certainly in America one is considered suspect for subscribing to the notio..more
Nov 07, 2017Miranda Reads rated it liked it
I initially read the title and reserved this book under the impression that this would be a humorous look into white trash history.
I assumed wrong. This was the history of the poor, white American as I've never heard it before. Americans lack any deeper appreciation of class. Beyond white anger and ignorance is a far more complicated history of class identity that dates back to Americaâs colonial period and British notions of poverty.The history (unsurprisingly) constantly cycles - going from..more
Sep 28, 2016Matt rated it really liked it
In All the Kingâs Men, Robert Pennâs classic novel of American politics, the protagonist is Willie Stark, the demagogic and corrupt governor of an unnamed state (Willie is based on Huey Long of Louisiana). The tragedy of Willie â and All the Kingâs Men is an archetypal tragedy â is that he started out as a good man. He was a backcountry bumpkin who managed to rise out of poverty to become an idealistic young lawyer. Willie runs for County Treasurer promising transparency and honesty. He loses to..more
This was a fascinating history from beginning to end, maybe more so because this history has not entirely played out. In White Trash: The 400-Year Untold History of Class in America, Nancy Isenberg shows the ways in which Americans have both recognized and embodied the lower classes of our society. This bottom rung of American society has variously been denigrated as waste people, offals, lubbers, clay eaters, rednecks, hillbillies and perhaps most famously, white trash. The examination of white..more
While reading this extraordinary history of the white underclass in America, I was reminded of how much of my life was spent in and around house trailers. Iâm not talking about those doublewide, wannabe condos with designer touches, landscaped lawns, and air-conditioned club houses a short golf-cart ride away. Iâm talking about 10-12 feet wide, 60-80 feet long pill-shaped homes that still have the tires attached. My mom and dad brought me home to such a trailer when I was born. Almost all of my..more
Jul 18, 2016Catherine rated it liked it
Shelves: 2016, england, mainstream-us, colonialism, work, class, history, rural
Of the good: Isenberg argues that we do not give the history of poor whites nearly the due it deserves, and makes a striking claim for the centrality of that history to any understanding of the United States. It's a provocative position, and one that she makes good with - following her train of thought from the colonial period to the present day, it's clear that we are a nation obsessed with class distinctions, peddling a mythology of the exact opposite.
Of the not-so good: Isenberg does not give..more
2.5 star to be fair. It's written poorly, first of all. It could easily have been edited to half of its size for the pure information it contained in total. It's verbose and with immense repetition of basically what is a colonist theory detailing to origins of present class barriers in the USA. As if the point that there ARE definitive class bars and levels within the USA and that it is not a classless society just because it is a republic is some kind of epiphany. It's hard for me to imagine an..more
This book could easily be the only American history book that one would need to read to gain a greater understanding on the socio-economic problems in America. I'm not sure how I found it, but this book is one of the most informative books that I will probably read this year. Because of this book, I refuse to have any discussions about racism in the United States unless the conversation includes a willingness to take a historical 'step back' & understand how classism & capitalism has fai..more
Nancy Isenberg's tome on the history of poor whites in America is expansive and thorough. Starting with the earliest colonists and progressing to modern day America, she illuminates the somewhat hidden history of poor white families in their many incarnations over the past four centuries. Spoiler alert: rich white men have always hated poor white men only slightly less than they hate brown people. Jan 27, 2017Margitte rated it really liked it · review of another edition
While I must respect the research and effort that went into this volume, I admit that it was very ha..more
Shelves: american-author, reviewed, 2016-releases, 2017-read, american-history, nonfiction
Much has been said about the subject of slavery in America, mostly focusing on black slavery, conjuring up images of powerless people being shipped over in horrific conditions. Most people in the world regard it as a vile chapter in history, and a part of history that disgraced Americans and Brits as well. Apr 29, 2017Jan Rice rated it liked it
A few quotes from the book to set the tone and wet the appetite: (view spoiler)[America was conceived of in paradoxical terms: at once a land of fertility and possibility and a place of outstan..more
Shelves: sociology, audio, politics, history, economics, them-and-us
I have thought of the problem of confining people in classes, castes and races as roughly analogous to curtailing the varieties of seeds and plants: you never know which ones will grow and thrive in the changing environment and which will now fail. If you've suppressed or gotten rid of all but the few that do well in the immediate situation, what will happen when things change and the only ones now available aren't suited to survive?
America is a case in point. Everyone knows we were started by..more
Jun 27, 2016Clif Hostetler rated it liked it
This is a history focused on the permanent underclass of a theoretically classless society. The United States aspires to live by its founding declaration that, 'all men are created equal.' So how can class be an issue?(view spoiler)[That is a satirical rhetorical question. (hide spoiler)]
The jarring insensitivity of the title for this book prompts me to begin this review by making a few comments about it. After all I presume readers of my reviews are polite company, and the term 'white trash' is..more
actually, like a 3.75 rounded up Sep 17, 2017Paula Kalin rated it really liked it · review of another edition
I absolutely have to thank the publisher for my copy. I was on the edge of buying this book when I got the email, so thanks very, very much. I didn't actually read this book in two days, so don't let the starting/ending dates fool you. I don't think you can read this book in that amount of time since there's a wealth of information to sift through here. There is a more expanded version of this post at my reading journal, so feel free to go long or to take the sho..more
Recommended to Paula by: Will Byrnes
Shelves: audio-book, non-fiction, published-2016, history, read-in-2017
White Trash by Nancy Isenberg is quite an eye opener. This is a 400 year US history lesson that states class has been with us since the Mayflower landed. I thought the British sent all their convicts to Australia to colonize, but I had little clue that the same happened in America. She talks about the white poor and slavery from the days of Franklin, Jefferson, the Civil War, LBJ to the present. Though the names given to the white and landless poor have differed over the years, they have always..more
We American fancy ourselves classless. We tell ourselves that with hard work, anyone can succeed -- like the runaway waif Ben Franklin. And while we admit that America began as a slave state, we often think that white supremacy is a thing of the past. And that African-Americans can achieve anything they want.. with a little hard work.
Nancy Isenberg deconstructs this myth in her excellent history, 'White Trash.' In it, she takes a long, hard look at America's elite and how they have denigrated..more
Dec 11, 2016Lata rated it it was amazing · review of another edition
Thoughts later.
Waiting for a hardcopy from the library so I can revisit points and collect my thoughts. This book made me think. A lot.
Jun 23, 2016Book Riot Community added it
âWaste people.â âOffals.â âRubbish.â âLazy lubbers.â âCrackers.â These are some of the names given to the poor in America spanning from colonial times to the present day, where the term âwhite trashâ has taken over. Isenberg offers a fascinating, detailed examination of class system in America, and how class issues involving poor people have played a part in shaping America and historical events for the past four hundred years, from the earliest British colonial settlement to Here Comes Honey Bo..more
Itâs an impossible task really. 400 years of class in America concentrating on the white poor. Despite itâs brick-like size it can only do so much and this focus is off putting with the noticeable avoidance of black slavery and native peoples. But Isenberg is up front, sheâs interested in examining crackers, rednecks, hillbillies and the titular white trash.
Iâm a Canadian so I have no idea what gets taught in schools across the United States. Iâm sure itâs as defanged and sterilized as what we..more
Mar 07, 2017Ginger Stephens rated it did not like it
The question that I found myself asking throughout the whole book: How do you turn a book about white trash into boring academia? On the whole I found this book confusing. It started out with a discussion of the Ewells from 'To Kill A Mockingbird,' so it seemed to start in a spot that most Americans understand. Then, it lost its way. I suspect that Nancy Isenberg does not understand the difference between being poor and being white trash. All Southerners know the difference. I suspect most North..more
Jul 19, 2016Joanna rated it it was ok
Shelves: nonfiction, bookclub-blsa, audiobooks, 2016-read
This book could have been so much better. The book tells the history of class descriptions, particularly descriptions of poor whites by better off whites. Clearly, a great deal of research was involved and historical documents and quotes are presented. But the book somehow lacked heart. There were no personal stories, no voice given to the poor themselves, and very little analysis of what this all means today.
Also, while the title promises an 'untold history,' the information in this book didn't..more
Feb 18, 2017Andy rated it did not like it · review of another edition
This is another book that's supposed to explain Trumpism. I'm sorry but I think the emperor is naked. This is not so much history as media criticism by someone who sat indoors watching Andy Griffith and Deliverance and dug up some show trivia. The concluding paragraph tells us: 'The very existence of such people--both in their visibility and invisibility--is proof that American society obsesses over the mutable labels we give to the neighbors we wish not to notice.' What substance is there in th..more
WHITE TRASH VS. THE AMERICAN DREAM, Read the Book Club Babble Interview
A couple weeks ago, I bounced downstairs sporting my new Ralph Lauren t-shirt, emblazoned with the motto âLand of the Freeâ in red, white, and blue letters, of course! Three hours later, my review copy of Nancy Isenbergâs White Trash. The 400-Year Untold History of Class in America arrived and I began studying it right away. After reading a few chapters, the truth of Dr. Isenbergâs premiseâthat class structure is embedded in..more
Definitely worth reading. Glad I stayed on that two month library waitlist!
Interesting, if overlong and repetitious, look at class in American society. A stronger editing hand would have strengthened this. (If I could give half stars, I probably would have rated this 3.5.)
Sep 17, 2017Vannessa Anderson rated it liked it
Because White Trash read like a textbook it was a laborious read and I found it a challenge to stay focus on the story. My take-away was how horrible white people with money and power can be to people who are not white and to women and children. I learned how horrible white people with money and power can be to white people without money and whom they consider beneath them. Then you have whites without money and power who cause harm to non-whites, women and children to feel they are above the gr..more
Oct 16, 2016Kathrina rated it really liked it
This book does what the best historical research can do -- shift our lens just enough to recognize the fallacies that have propped up what we take for granted as what it means to be American. Coupled with my recent reading of Between the World and Me, I can see that the American Dream has probably caused more damage to the majority of Americans than it has served. It is a thinly veneered myth that protects our belief in exceptionalism while maintaining social control over all groups that struggl..more
May 14, 2016Biblio Files (takingadayoff) rated it really liked it
Massive social history of class in America, starting with the European settlers up to the present day. Despite the provocative title, it's not just about white people -- after all, the fact that there's a phrase that specifies color means the default must be not white, rather a disturbing thought. And it isn't so much about what life was like for poor people, it's about attitudes of the middle class and upper class toward working class and poor people. Again, the title says a lot about that.
My i..more
Jul 07, 2016C. Quabela rated it it was amazing
Iâm giving this book a full rating for three reasons: 1) I havenât read a history book in at least over a decade and so I am naïve concerning the conventions that may or may not have been well executed; 2) The book is very well written, researched/documented, and accessible to a person not familiar with the genre and/or topic; and 3) Yes, this book IS biased. It has an agenda. But from my background there is no such thing as objective reporting. Be it history, journalism, literature, what have y..more
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Nancy Isenberg is the author of New York Times bestseller White Trash, and Fallen Founder: The Life of Aaron Burr, which was a finalist for the LA Times Book Prize in Biography and won the Oklahoma Book Award for best book in Nonfiction. She is the coauthor, with Andrew Burstein, of Madison and Jefferson. She is the T. Harry Williams Professor of American History at LSU, and writes regularly for S..more
âWhen you turn an election into a three-ring circus, thereâs always a chance that the dancing bear will win.â
âHow does a culture that prizes equality of opportunity explain, or indeed accommodate, its persistently marginalized people?â More quotesâ¦
This poor white family from Alabama was presented in 1913 as 'celebrities' because they had escaped the debilitating effects of hookworm disease, which, along with pellagra was endemic among poor Southern whites due to poor sanitation and the phenomenon of 'clay eating' (geophagia).
White trash is a derogatory American English slur referring to poor white people, especially in the rural southern United States. Delftship tutorials pdf. The label signifies a social class inside the white population and especially a degraded standard of living.[1]
The term has been adopted for people living on the fringes of the social order, who are seen as dangerous because they may be criminal, unpredictable, and without respect for political, legal, or moral authority.[2] While the term is mostly used pejoritavely by urban and middle-class whites as a class signifier,[3] some white entertainers self-identify as 'white trash' and celebrate the stereotypes and social marginalization of lower-class whiteness.[4][5][6]
In common usage, 'white trash' overlaps in meaning with 'cracker', used of people in the backcountry of the Southern states; 'hillbilly', regarding poor people from Appalachia; 'Okie' regarding those with origins in Oklahoma; and 'redneck', regarding rural origins; especially in the South.[7] The primary difference is that 'redneck', 'cracker', 'Okie', and 'hillbilly' emphasize that a person is poor and uneducated and comes from the backwoods with little awareness of and interaction with the modern world, while 'white trash' â and the modern term 'trailer trash' â emphasizes the person's moral failings.[8]
Scholars from the late 19th to the early 21st century explored generations of families who were considered 'disreputable', such as The Jukes family and The Kallikak Family, both pseudonyms for real families. [9]
Description and causes[edit]
In the popular imagination of the mid-19th century, 'poor white trash' were a 'curious' breed of degenerate, gaunt, haggard people who suffered from numerous physical and social defects. They were dirty, callow, ragged, cadaverous, leathery, and emaciated, and had feeble children with distended abdomens who were wrinkled and withered and looked aged beyond their physical years, so that even 10-year-olds' 'countenances are stupid and heavy and they often become dropsical and loathsome to sight,' according to a New Hampshire schoolteacher. The skin of a poor white Southerner had a 'ghastly yellowish-white' tinge to it, like 'yellow parchment', and was waxy looking, or they were so white they almost appeared to be albinos. They were listless and slothful, did not properly care for their children, and were addicted to alcohol. They were looked on with contempt by upper-class Southerners.[10]
Harriet Beecher Stowe described a white trash woman and her children in Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp, published in 1856:
Crouched on a pile of dirty straw, sat a miserable haggard woman, with large, wild eyes, sunken cheeks, disheveled matted hair, and long, lean hands, like a bird's claws. At her skinny breast an emaciated infant was hanging, pushing, with its little skeleton hands, as if to force nourishment which nature no longer gave; and two scared-looking children, with features wasted and pinched blue with famine, were clinging to her gown. The whole group huddled together, drawing as far away as possible from the new comer [sic], looking up with large, frightened eyes, like hunted wild animals.[11]
Poor white trash were generally only able to locate themselves on the worst land in the South, since the best land was taken by the slaveholders, large and small. They lived and attempted to survive on land that was sandy or swampy or covered in scrub pine and not suited for agriculture; for this they became known as 'sandhillers' and 'pineys'.[12] These 'hard-scratch' inhabitants were seen to match their surroundings: they were 'stony, stumpy, and shrubby, as they land they lived on.'[13]
Restricted from holding political office due to property qualifications, their ability to vote at the mercy of the courts which were controlled by the slave-holding planters, poor whites had few advocates within the political system or the dominant social hierarchy. Although many were tenant farmers or day laborers, other white trash people were forced to live as scavengers, thieves and vagrants, but all, employed or not, were socially ostracized by 'proper' white society by being forced to use the back door when entering 'proper' homes. Even slaves looked down on them: when poor whites came begging for food, the slaves called them 'stray goats.'[14]
Northerners claimed that the existence of white trash was the result of the system of slavery in the South, while Southerners worried that these clearly inferior whites would upset the 'natural' class system which held that all whites were superior to all other races, especially blacks. People of both regions expressed concern that if the number of white trash people increased significantly, they would threaten the Jeffersonian ideal of a population of educated white freemen as the basis of a robust American democracy.[15]
In his classic study, Democracy in America (1835), French aristocrat Alexis de Tocqueville sees the state of poor white southerners as being one of the effects of the slave system. He describes them as ignorant, idle, prideful, self-indulgent, and weak, and writes about southern whites in general:
From birth, the southern American is invested with a kind of domestic dictatorship .. and the first habit he learns is that of effortless domination .. [which turns] the southern American into a haughty, hasty, irascible, violent man, passionate in his desires and irritated by obstacles. But he is easily discouraged if he fails to succeed at his first attempt.[16]
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Another theory held that the degraded condition of poor white southerners was the result of their living in such close proximity to blacks and Native Americans. Samuel Stanhope Smith, a minister and educator who was the seventh president of Princeton College, wrote in 1810 that poor white southerners lived in 'a state of absolute savagism,' which caused them to resemble Indians in the color of their skin and their clothing, a belief that was endemic in the 18th and early 19th century. Smith saw them as a stumbling block in the evolution of mainstream American whites,[17] a view that had previously been expressed by Michel-Guillaume-Jean de Crèvecoeur in his 1782 book, Letters from an American Farmer. Crèvecoeur, a French soldier-diplomat who resettled in the United States and changed his name to J. Hector St. John, considered poor white southerners to be 'not .. a very pleasing spectacle' and inferior to the prototypical American he celebrated in his book, but still hopes that the effects of progress would improve the condition of these mongrelized, untamed, half-savage drunken people who exhibit 'the most hideous parts of our society.'[18]
For Ralph Waldo Emerson, the transcendentalist and pre-eminant American lecturer, writer and philosopher of the mid-nineteenth century, poor people of all kinds â including poor white Southerners â lived in poverty because of inherent traits in their nature. The poor were 'ferried over the Atlantic & carted to America to ditch & to drudge, to make the land fertile .. and then to lie down prematurely to make a spot of greener grass..' These people Emerson referred to as 'guano' were fated to inhabit the lowest niches of society, and he specifically excluded them from his definition of what an American was. Emerson's 'American' was of Saxon heritage, descended from the Danes, Norsemen, Saxons and Anglo-Saxons, known for their 'excess of virility', their 'beastly ferocity', and â at least in Emerson's eyes â their beauty. These were not traits which were shared by the poor white Southerner. Americans may have degenerated somewhat in comparison to their ancestors, one of the weakening effects of civilization, but they still maintained their superiority over other 'races', and white Southerners of all kinds, but especially poor ones, were themselves inferior to their countrymen from New England and the north.[19]
Some, such as Theodore Roosevelt, saw poor 'degenerate' whites â as well as the mass of immigrants from southern and eastern Europe (those from northern Europe having been accepted in the Ango-Saxon white race) â as being a major part of the problem of 'race suicide', the concept that poor whites and unwanted immigrants would eventually out-procreate those of the dominant and superior white 'race', causing it to die out or be supplanted, to the detriment of the country.[20]
History[edit]
Beginning in the early 17th century, the City of London shipped their unwanted excess population, including vagrant children, to the American colonies â especially the Colony of Virginia, the Province of Maryland, and the Province of Pennsylvania â where they became not apprentices, as the children had been told, but indentured servants, especially working in the fields. Even before the beginning of the Atlantic slave trade brought Africans to the British colonies in 1619, this influx of 'transported' Britons, Scots, and Irish was a crucial part of the American workforce. The Virginia Company also imported boatloads of poor women to be sold as brides. The numbers of these all-but-slaves was significant: by the middle of the 17th century, at a time when the population of Virginia was 11,000, only 300 were Africans, who were outnumbered by British, Irish and Scots indentured servants. In New England, one-fifth of the Puritans were indentured servants. More indentured servants were sent to the colonies as a result of insurrections in Ireland. Oliver Cromwell sent hundreds of Irish Catholics to British North America during the Irish Confederate Wars (1641-1653). In 1717, the Parliament of Great Britain passed the Transportation Act 1717, which allowed for the penal transportation of tens of thousands of convicts to North America, in order to alleviate overcrowding in British prisons. By the time penal transportation ceased during the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783), some 50,000 people had been transported to the New World under the law. When the American market closed to them, the convicts were then sent to Australia. In total, 300,000 to 400,000 people were shipped to the North American colonies as unfree laborers, between 1/2 and 2/3 of all white immigrants.[21]
The British conceived of the American colonies as a 'wasteland', and a place to dump their underclass.[22] The people they sent there were 'waste people', the 'scum and dregs' of society. The term 'waste people' gave way to 'squatters' and 'crackers', used to describe the settlers who populated the Western frontier of the United States and the backcountry of some southern states, but who did not have title to the land they settled on.[23] 'Cracker' was especially used in the south.
The first use of 'white trash' in print to describe this population occurred in 1821.[24] It came into common use in the 1830s as a pejorative used by house slaves against poor whites. In 1833, Fanny Kemble, an English actress visiting Georgia, noted in her journal: 'The slaves themselves entertain the very highest contempt for white servants, whom they designate as 'poor white trash'.[25][26]
The term achieved widespread popularity in the 1850s,[24] and by 1855, it had passed into common usage by upper-class whites, and was common usage among all Southerners, regardless of race, throughout the rest of the 19th century.[27]
Poor White Trash Book
In 1854, Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote the chapter 'Poor White Trash' in her book A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin. Stowe wrote that slavery not only produces 'degraded, miserable slaves', but also poor whites who are even more degraded and miserable. The plantation system forced those whites to struggle for subsistence. Beyond economic factors, Stowe traces this class to the shortage of schools and churches in their community, and says that both blacks and whites in the area look down on these 'poor white trash'.[28] In Stowe's second novel Dred, she describes the poor white inhabitants of that swamp, which formed much of the border between Virginia and North Carolina, as an ignorant, degenerate and immoral class of people prone to criminality.[29]Hinton Rowan Helper's extremely influential 1857 book The Impending Crisis of the South â which sold 140,000 copies and was considered to be the most important book of the 19th century by many people â describes the region's poor Caucasians as a class oppressed by the effects of slavery, a people of lesser physical stature who would be driven to extinction by the South's 'cesspool of degradation and ignorance.'[30]
Jeffrey Glossner of the University of Mississippi writes:
Continued work is needed to understand the material reality of the lives of poor whites and how they influenced surrounding social and political structures. Finding the ways in which their influence radiated through southern society can give us an image of the poor whites that is lost in the biased accounts handed down by elite contemporaries. The social and cultural history of this period, moreover, needs to be further integrated to disentangle image-making from social reality and show the place of poor whites in the South. .. While their voices are often unheard, we can gauge the broader importance of their presence through the social, political, and cultural developments of the period.[31]
During the Civil War[edit]
During the Civil War, the Confederacy instituted conscription to raise soldiers for its army, with all men between the ages of 18 and 35 being eligible to be drafted â later expanded to all men between 17 and 50. However, exemptions were numerous, including any slave-owner with more than 20 slaves, political officeholders, teachers, ministers and clerks, and men who worked in valuable trades. Left to be drafted, or to serve as paid substitutes, were poor white trash Southerners, who were looked down on as cannon fodder. Conscripts who failed to report for duty were hunted down by so-called 'dog catchers'. Poor southerners said that it was a 'rich man's war', but 'a poor man's fight.' While upper-class Southern 'cavalier' officers were granted frequent furloughs to return home, this was not the case with the ordinary private soldier, which led to an extremely high rate of desertion among this group, who put their families well-being above the cause of the Confederacy, and thought of themselves as 'Conditional Confederates.' Deserters harassed soldiers, raided farms and stole food, and sometimes banded together in settlements, such as the 'Free State of Jones' (formerly Jones County) in Mississippi; desertion was openly joked about. When found, deserters could be executed, or humiliated by being put into chains.[32]
Despite the war being fought to protect the right of the patrician elite of the South to own slaves, the planter class was reluctant to give up their cash crop, cotton, to grow the corn and grain needed by the Confederate armies and the civilian population. As a result, food shortages, exacerbated by inflation and hoarding of foodstuffs by the rich, caused the poor of the South to suffer greatly. This led to food riots of angry mobs of poor women, who raided stores, warehouses and depots looking for sustenance for their families. Both the male deserters and the female rioters put the lie to the myth of Confederate unity, and that the war was being fought for the rights of all white Southerners.[33]
Ideologically, the Confederacy claimed that the system of slavery in the South was superior to the class divisions of the North, because while the South devolved all its degrading labor onto what it saw as an inferior race, the black slaves, the North did so to its own 'brothers in blood', the white working class. This the leaders and intellectuals of the Confederacy called 'mudsill' democracy, and lauded the superiority of the pure-blooded Southern slave-owning 'cavaliers' â who were worth five Northerners in a fight â over the sullied Anglo-Saxon upper class of the North.[34] For its part, some of the military leaders of the North, especially Generals Ulysses S. Grant and William Tecumseh Sherman, recognized that their fight was not only to liberate slaves, but also the poor white Southerners who were oppressed by the system of slavery. Thus they took steps to exploit the class divisions between the white trash population and plantation owners. An Army chaplain wrote in a letter to his wife after the Union siege of Petersburg, Virginia that winning the war would not only result in the end of American slavery, but would also increase opportunities for 'poor white trash.' He said that the war would 'knock off the shackles of millions of poor whites, whose bondage was really worse than that African.' In these respects, the Civil War was in large part a class war.[35]
During Reconstruction[edit]
After the war, President Andrew Johnson's first idea for the reconstruction of the South was not to take steps to create an egalitarian democracy. Instead, he envisioned what was essentially a 'white trash republic', in which the aristocracy would maintain their property holdings and an amount of social power, but be disenfranchised until they could show their loyalty to the Union. The freed blacks would no longer be slaves, but would still be denied essential rights of citizenship and would make up the lowest rung on the social ladder. In between would be the poor white Southerner, the white trash, who while occupying a lesser social position, would essentially become the masters of the South, voting and occupying political offices, and maintaining a superior status to the free blacks and freed slaves. Emancipated from the inequities of the plantation system, poor white trash would become the bulwark of Johnson's rebuilding of the South and its restoration into the Union.[36]
Johnson's plan was never put into effect, and the Freedmen's Bureau â which was created in 1865, before President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated â was authorized to help 'all refugees and all freedmen', black and white alike. The agency did this despite Johnson's basic lack of concern for the freed slaves the war had supposedly been fought over. But even though they provided relief to them, the Bureau did not accept Johnson's vision of poor whites as the loyal and honorable foundation of a reconstructed South. Northern journalists and other observers maintained that poor white trash, who were now destitute refugees, 'beggars, dependents, houseless and homeless wanderers', were still victimized by poverty and vagrancy. They were 'loafers' dressed in rags and covered in filth who did no work, but accepted government relief handouts. They were seen as only slightly more intelligent than blacks. One observer, James R. Gilmore, a cotton merchant and novelist who had traveled throughout the South, wrote the book Down in Tennessee, published in 1864, in which he differentiated poor whites into two groups, 'mean whites' and 'common whites'. While the former were thieves, loafers, and brutes, the latter were law-abiding citizens who were enterprising and productive. It was the 'mean' minority who gave white trash their bad name and character.[37]
A number of commentators noted that poor white Southerners did not compare favorably to freed blacks, who were described as 'capable, thrifty, and loyal to the Union.' Marcus Sterling, a Freedmen's Bureau agent and a former Union officer, said that the 'pitiable class of poor whites' were 'the only class which seem almost unaffected by the [bureau's] great benevolence and its bold reform', while in contrast black freedmen had become 'more settled, industrious and ambitious,' eager to learn how to read and improve themselves. Sidney Andrews saw in black a 'shrewd instinct for preservation' which poor whites did not have, and Whitelaw Reid, a politician and newspaper editor from Ohio, thought that black children appeared eager to learn. Atlantic Monthly went so far as to suggest that government policy should switch from 'disenfranchis[ing] the humble, quiet, hardworking Negro' and cease to provide help to the 'worthless barbarian', the 'ignorant, illiterate, and vicious' white trash population.[38]
400 Years Of White Trash
So, during the Reconstruction Era, white trash were no longer seen simply as a freakish, degenerate breed who lived almost invisibly in the backcountry wilderness, the war had brought them out of the darkness into the mainstream of society, where they developed the reputation of being a dangerous class of criminals, vagrants and delinquents, lacking intelligence, unable to speak properly, the 'Homo genus without the sapien', an evolutionary dead end in the Social Darwinist thinking of the time. Plus, they were immoral, breaking all social codes and sexual norms, engaging in incest and prostitution, pimping out family members, and producing numerous in-bred bastard children.[39]
Scalawags and rednecks[edit]
One of the responses of Southerners and Northern Democrats after the war to Reconstruction was the invention of the myth of the 'carpetbaggers', those Northern Republican scoundrels and adventurers who invaded the South to take advantage of its people, but less well known is that of the 'scalawags', those Southern white who betrayed their race by supporting the Republican Party and Reconstruction. The scalawag, even if they came from a higher social class, was often described as having a 'white trash heart'. They were accused of easily mingling with blacks, inviting them to dine in their homes, and inciting them by encouraging them to seek social equality. The Democrats retaliated with Autobiography of a Scalawag, a parody of the standard 'self-made man' story, in which a white trash southerner with no innate ambition nevertheless is raised to a position of middling power just by being in the right place at the right time or by lying and cheating.[40]
Around 1890, the term 'redneck' began to be widely used for poor white southerners, especially those racist followers of the Democratic demagogues of the time. Rednecks were found working in the mills, living deep in the swamps, heckling at Republican rallies, and were even occasionally elected to be a state legislator. Such was the case with Guy Rencher, who claimed that 'redneck' came from his own 'long red neck'.[41]
The Depression[edit]
The beginning of the 20th century brought no change of status for poor white southerners, especially after the onset of the Great Depression. The condition of this class was presented to the public in Margaret Bourke-White's photographic series for Life magazine, and the work of other photographers made for Roy Stryker's Historical Section of the federal Resettlement Agency. Author James Agee wrote about them in his ground-breaking work Let Us Now Praise Famous Men (1941), as did Jonathan Daniels in A Southerner Discovers the South (1938).[42]
A number of Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal agencies tried to help the rural poor to better themselves and to break through the social barriers of Southern society which held them back, reinstating the American Dream of upward mobility. Programs such as those of the Subsistence Homesteads Division of the Department of the Interior; its successor, the Resettlement Administration, whose express purpose was to help the poor in rural areas; and its replacement, the Farm Security Administration which aimed to break the cycle of tenant farming and sharecropping and help poor whites and black to own their own farms, and to initiate the creation of the communities necessary to support those farms. The agencies also provided services for migrant workers, such as the Arkies and Okies, who had been devastated by the Dust Bowl â the condition of which was well-documented by photographer Dorothea Lange in An American Exodus (1939) â and been forced to take to the road, jamming all their belongings into Ford motorcars and heading west toward California.[42]
Important in the devising and running of these programs were politicians and bureaucrats such as Henry Wallace, the Secretary of Agriculture; Milburn Lincoln Wilson, the first head of the Subsistence Homesteads Division, who was a social scientist and an agricultural expert; and Rexford G. Tugwell, a Columbia University economics professor who managed to be appointed the first head of the Resettlement Agency, despite refusing to present himself with a 'homely, democratic manner' in his confirmation hearings. Tugwell understood that the status of tenant farmers would not change if they could not vote, so he campaigned against poll tax, which prevented them voting, since they could not afford to pay it. His agency's goals were the four 'R's': 'retirement of bad land, relocation of rural poor, resettlement of the unemployed in suburban communities, and rehabilitation of farm families.'[42]
Other individuals important in the fight to help the rural poor were Arthur Raper, an expert on tenancy farming, whose study Preface to Peasantry (1936) explained why the south's system held back the region's poor and caused them to migrate; and Howard Odum, a University of North Carolina sociologist and psychologist who founded the journal Social Forces, and worked closely with the Federal government. Odum wrote the 600-page masterwork Southern Regions of the United States, which became a guidebook for the New Deal. Journalist Gerald W. Johnson translated Odum's ideas in the book into a popular volume, The Wasted Land. It was Odum who, in 1938, mailed questionnaires to academics to determine their views on what 'poor white' meant to them. The results were in many ways indistinguishable from the popular views of 'white trash' that had been held for many decades, since the words that came back all indicated serious character flaws in poor whites: 'purposeless, hand to mouth, lazy, unambitious, no account, no desire to improve themselves, inertia', but, most often, 'shiftless'. Despite the passage of time, poor whites were still seen as white trash, a breed apart, a class partway between blacks and whites, whose shiftless ways may have even originated from their proximity to blacks.[42]
'Trailer trash'[edit]
Trailers got their start in the 1930s, and their use proliferated during the housing shortage of World War II, when the Federal government used as many as 30,000 of them to house defense workers, soldiers and sailors throughout the country, but especially around areas with a large military or defense presence, such as Mobile, Alabama and Pascagoula, Mississippi. In her book Journey Through Chaos, reporter Agnes Meyer of The Washington Post travelled throughout the country, reporting on the condition of the 'neglected rural areas', and described the people who lived in the trailers, tents and shacks in such areas as malnourished, unable to read or write, and generally ragged. The workers who came to Mobile and Pascagoula to work in the shipyards there were from the backwoods of the South, 'subnormal swamp and mountain folk' whom the locals described as 'vermin'; elsewhere, they were called 'squatters'. They were accused of having loose morals, high illegitimacy rates, and of allowing prostitution to thrive in their 'Hillbilly Havens'. The trailers themselves â sometimes purchased second- or third-hand â were often unsightly, unsanitary and dilapidated, causing communities to zone them away from the more desirable areas, which meant away from schools, stores, and other necessary facilities, often literally on the other side of the railroad tracks.[43]
In the mid-20th century, poor whites who could not afford to buy suburban-style tract housing began to purchase mobile homes, which were not only cheaper, but which could be easily relocated if work in one location ran out. These â sometimes by choice and sometimes through local zoning laws â gathered in trailer camps, and the people who lived in them became known as 'trailer trash'. Despite many of them having jobs, albeit sometimes itinerant ones, the character flaws that had been perceived in poor white trash in the past were transferred to so-called 'trailer trash', and trailer camps or parks were seen as being inhabited by retired persons, migrant workers, and, generally, the poor. By 1968, a survey found that only 13% of those who owned and lived in mobile homes had white collar jobs.[43]
In popular culture[edit]Violence[edit]
American pop culture connects both drinking and violence to being a white, poor, rural man.[44] The historian David Hackett Fischer, a Professor of History at Brandeis University, makes a case for an enduring genetic basis for a 'willingness to resort to violence' (citing especially the finding of high blood levels of testosterone) in the four main chapters of his book Albion's Seed.[45] He proposes that a Mid-Atlantic state, Southern and Western propensity for violence is inheritable by genetic changes wrought over generations living in traditional herding societies in Northern England, the Scottish Borders, and Irish Border Region. He proposes that this propensity has been transferred to other ethnic groups by shared culture, whence it can be traced to different urban populations of the United States.[46]
White popular culture[edit]
Harriet Beecher Stowe's 1854 book A Key to Uncle Tomâs Cabin contains a chapter entitled 'Poor White Trash'. Stowe wrote slavery produced âa poor white population as degraded and brutal as ever existed in any of the most crowded districts of Europe.â She further expressed that this âinconceivably brutalâ group of whites resemble âsome blind, savage monster, which, when aroused, tramples heedlessly over everything in its way.â[47]
White supremacist Daniel R. Hundleyâs 1860 book Social Relations in Our Southern States includes a chapter entitled 'White Trash'. He used the supposed existence of poor whites with bad blood to argue that genetics and not societal structure was the problem, and that therefore slavery was justified. He called white trash the 'laziest two-legged animals that walk erect on the face of the Earth', describing their appearance as 'lank, lean, angular, and bony, with .. sallow complexion, awkward manners, and a natural stupidity or dullness of intellect that almost surpasses belief.'[47]George Bernard Shaw uses the term in his 1909 play The Shewing-Up of Blanco Posnet, set in the wild American west. The prostitute Feemy says to Blanco 'I'll hang you, you dirty horse-thief; or not a man in this camp will ever get a word or a look from me again. You're just trash: that's what you are. White trash.'
Ernest Matthew Mickler's White Trash Cooking (1986), based on the cooking of rural white Southerners, enjoyed an unanticipated rise to popularity.[48][49][50]Sherrie A. Inness writes that authors such as Mickler use humor to convey the experience of living on the margins of white society, and to expand the definition of American culinary history beyond upper-class traditions based on European cooking.[51]
By the 1980s, fiction was being published by Southern authors who identified as having redneck or white trash origins, such as Harry Crews, Dorothy Allison, Larry Brown, and Tim McLaurin.[52] Autobiographies sometimes mention white trash origins. Gay rights activist Amber L. Hollibaugh wrote, 'I grew up a mixed-race, white-trash girl in a country that considered me dangerous, corrupt, fascinating, exotic. I responded to the challenge by becoming that alarming, hazardous, sexually disruptive woman.'[53]
White Trash Book Pdf Cover
In 2006, Toby Keith released a platinum album called White Trash with Money.
Dolly Parton regularly referred to herself as white trash telling Southern Living 'White trash! I am. People always say, 'Aren't you insulted when people call you white trash?' I say, 'Well it depends on who's calling me white trash and how they mean it.' But we really were, to some degree. Because when you're that poor and you're not educated, you fall in those categories.'. [54][55] Talking about her fame she said 'Thereâs nothing like white trash at the White House!'[56][57] She cheerfully told Rolling Stone she will always remain 'a white-trash person'.[58]
President Jimmy Carter quoted a supporter who called him âwhite trash made goodâ.[59] In his 2001 biography An Hour Before Daylight: Memories of a Rural Boyhood, Carter wrote about poor white people in the 1920s and 1930s rural Georgia 'For those who were lazy or dishonest, or had repulsive personal habits, 'white trash' was a greater insult than any epithet based on race.'[60]People Magazine lampooned a book on Carter as a 'Southern white trash novel' [61]
Black popular culture[edit]
Use of 'white trash' epithets has been extensively reported in African American culture.[65][66][67] Black authors have noted that blacks, when taunted by whites as 'niggers', taunted back, calling them 'white trash'.[66] Some black parents taught their children that poor whites were 'white trash'.[68] The epithet appears in black folklore.[69] As an example, slaves (when out of earshot of whites) would refer to harsh slave owners as a 'low down' man, 'lower than poor white trash', 'a brute, really'.[70]
Mainstream literature[edit]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
Notes
Bibliography
Further reading
White Trash Book Pdf 2017External links[edit]White Trash Book Review
Nancy Isenberg
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